General semantics
Keywords:
clauses, compose sentences, English semantics, linguistics, meaning of syntax, morphemes, phrases, semantics, syntactic structure, wordsAbstract
This paper aims to explain the meaning of syntax, how the syntactic structure is, to describe the units that compose sentences in English and to explain the differences between phrases, words, clauses, and morphemes. The term Semantics is known from the English Semantics. Actually, there are two branches of linguistics that specifically study words, namely etymology, the study of word origin, and semantics, the study of word meaning. In Indonesian Semantics comes from the Greek 'sema' (noun) which means 'sign' or 'symbol'. The verb is 'semaino' which means 'to mark' or 'to symbolize'. Signs or symbols here can be interpreted as linguistic signs (French: signé Linguistique).
References
Abels, K., & Muriungi, P. (2008). The focus marker in Kîîtharaka: Syntax and semantics. Lingua, 118(5), 687-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.09.003
Bach, E. (1986). Natural language metaphysics. In Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics (Vol. 114, pp. 573-595). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-237X(09)70714-1
Bock, J. K., & Warren, R. K. (1985). Conceptual accessibility and syntactic structure in sentence formulation. Cognition, 21(1), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90023-X
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2001). Morphological units in the Arabic mental lexicon. Cognition, 81(1), 65-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00119-6
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (2004). Abstract morphemes and lexical representation: The CV-Skeleton in Arabic. Cognition, 92(3), 271-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.08.003
Bowerman, M. (1973). Structural relationships in children's utterances: Syntactic or semantic?. Cognitive development and acquisition of language, 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-505850-6.50015-3
Campbell, L., & Janda, R. (2000). Introduction: conceptions of grammaticalization and their problems. Language sciences, 23(2-3), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(00)00018-8
Cresswell, M. J. (1976). The semantics of degree. In Montague grammar (pp. 261-292). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-545850-4.50015-7
Daneš, F. (1968). Some thoughts on the semantic structure of the sentence. Lingua, 21, 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(68)90038-7
Deutsch, A., & Bentin, S. (2001). Syntactic and semantic factors in processing gender agreement in Hebrew: Evidence from ERPs and eye movements. Journal of memory and language, 45(2), 200-224. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2768
Feldman, L. B., & Siok, W. W. (1999). Semantic radicals contribute to the visual identification of Chinese characters. Journal of Memory and Language, 40(4), 559-576. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2629
Friederici, A. D. (1982). Syntactic and semantic processes in aphasic deficits: The availability of prepositions. Brain and Language, 15(2), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(82)90059-1
Goucha, T., & Friederici, A. D. (2015). The language skeleton after dissecting meaning: a functional segregation within Broca's Area. Neuroimage, 114, 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.011
Gropen, J., Pinker, S., Hollander, M., & Goldberg, R. (1991). Affectedness and direct objects: The role of lexical semantics in the acquisition of verb argument structure. Cognition, 41(1-3), 153-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(91)90035-3
Hahne, A., & Friederici, A. D. (2002). Differential task effects on semantic and syntactic processes as revealed by ERPs. Cognitive Brain Research, 13(3), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00127-6
Jackendoff, R. (1991). Parts and boundaries. Cognition, 41(1-3), 9-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(91)90031-X
Jackendoff, R., & Pinker, S. (2005). The nature of the language faculty and its implications for evolution of language (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, and Chomsky). Cognition, 97(2), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2005.04.006
Kim, A., & Osterhout, L. (2005). The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of memory and language, 52(2), 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2004.10.002
Leclercq, A. L., Quémart, P., Magis, D., & Maillart, C. (2014). The sentence repetition task: A powerful diagnostic tool for French children with specific language impairment. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(12), 3423-3430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.026
Levin, B., & Hovav, M. R. (1991). Wiping the slate clean: A lexical semantic exploration. cognition, 41(1-3), 123-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(91)90034-2
Lévy, P. (2010). From social computing to reflexive collective intelligence: The IEML research program. Information Sciences, 180(1), 71-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2009.08.001
Lewis, D. (1976). General semantics. In Montague grammar (pp. 1-50). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-545850-4.50007-8
Libben, G. (1998). Semantic transparency in the processing of compounds: Consequences for representation, processing, and impairment. Brain and language, 61(1), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1876
Lidz, J., Gleitman, H., & Gleitman, L. (2003). Understanding how input matters: Verb learning and the footprint of universal grammar. Cognition, 87(3), 151-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00230-5
Linebarger, M. C., Schwartz, M. F., & Saffran, E. M. (1983). Sensitivity to grammatical structure in so-called agrammatic aphasics. Cognition, 13(3), 361-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90015-X
Marantz, A. (2013). Verbal argument structure: Events and participants. Lingua, 130, 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.10.012
Marelli, M., & Luzzatti, C. (2012). Frequency effects in the processing of Italian nominal compounds: Modulation of headedness and semantic transparency. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(4), 644-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.01.003
Marks, L. E., & Miller, G. A. (1964). The role of semantic and syntactic constraints in the memorization of English sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(64)80052-9
Meteyard, L., & Patterson, K. (2009). The relation between content and structure in language production: An analysis of speech errors in semantic dementia. Brain and language, 110(3), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2009.03.007
Meunier, F., & Longtin, C. M. (2007). Morphological decomposition and semantic integration in word processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(4), 457-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.11.005
Nespoulous, J. L., Dordain, M., Perron, C., Ska, B., Bub, D., Caplan, D., ... & Lecours, A. R. (1988). Agrammatism in sentence production without comprehension deficits: Reduced availability of syntactic structures and/or of grammatical morphemes? A case study. Brain and language, 33(2), 273-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(88)90069-7
Rayner, K., Carlson, M., & Frazier, L. (1983). The interaction of syntax and semantics during sentence processing: Eye movements in the analysis of semantically biased sentences. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 22(3), 358-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90236-0
Roelofs, A. (1996). Serial order in planning the production of successive morphemes of a word. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(6), 854-876. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1996.0044
Rullmann, H., & You, A. (2006). General number and the semantics and pragmatics of indefinite bare nouns in Mandarin Chinese. Where semantics meets pragmatics, 175-196.
Sanders, L. D., & Neville, H. J. (2003). An ERP study of continuous speech processing: I. Segmentation, semantics, and syntax in native speakers. Cognitive Brain Research, 15(3), 228-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00195-7
Schell, M., Zaccarella, E., & Friederici, A. D. (2017). Differential cortical contribution of syntax and semantics: An fMRI study on two-word phrasal processing. Cortex, 96, 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.002
Seidenberg, M. S., & Gonnerman, L. M. (2000). Explaining derivational morphology as the convergence of codes. Trends in cognitive sciences, 4(9), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01515-1
Tyler, A., & Nagy, W. (1990). Use of derivational morphology during reading. Cognition, 36(1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(90)90052-L
Van Herten, M., Kolk, H. H., & Chwilla, D. J. (2005). An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies. Cognitive brain research, 22(2), 241-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.002
Wahl, M., Marzinzik, F., Friederici, A. D., Hahne, A., Kupsch, A., Schneider, G. H., ... & Klostermann, F. (2008). The human thalamus processes syntactic and semantic language violations. Neuron, 59(5), 695-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.011
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2020 Amir Lodarosi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
